U2
必会词语
almost adv.
1）几乎 Dinner is almost ready.
2）事实上，简直（用于no, nobody, none, nothing, never 之前）
Almost no one believed him.
【辨析】almost / nearly
相同点：“几乎，将近，差不多”，当于动词、副词、形容词及名词连用时，意义接近，可互换。
It's nearly lunchtime.= It's almost lunchtime.
never adv.从不; always adv. 一直，一直
e.g. She is always friendly and helpful.
She always works hard.
She is never late for school.
She never gets angry.
注意__________在句中的地方，它们都是副词常用于__________。
each other 互相 ,彼此
Mary and Kitty always help each other.
【容易见到词组】learn from each other 互相学习 know each other 互相认识 help each other 互相帮助
【常识链接】each other 仅用作动词或介词的宾语，不可做主语。
【使用方法提示】each other 用于两者， one another 用于三者或三者以上。
each other one another
I help you. You help me. We help __________.
They three sat side by side and talked with ___________.
4. friendly adj. 友好的
【使用方法提示】 friendly 常与介词to 和 with 搭配构成词组
1) be friendly to sb.“ ... 对某人友好”或“ 对某人友善”，指对其他人的态度友好，等于 be kind to sb.
Our English teacher is friendly to us.
_____________________________________________________
2) be friendly with sb. “ 和某人关系友好” 或“ 与某人要好”, 指的是两者的关系。
Mary is friendly with me.
【常识链接】friend n.朋友 friendship n.友谊；友情
help v./ n.帮助 helper n.助手 helpful adj.有帮助的 helpless adj. 无助的，无用的
Help sb to do/ do /with
We should be a helpful person.
Tom is only a helpless baby.
6. lie n. 谎话
Tom __________ to his mother.
【记忆链接】 lie 为动词时有如下含义：
1）撒谎 He's lying.
2）躺，平卧 Don't lie in bed all morning!
3）坐落于 The town lies on the coast.
lie（平躺） lay lain lying
lie（说谎） lied lied lying（目前分词）
lay（孵蛋，平躺） laid laid laying（目前分词）
口诀：
规矩的孩子不说谎（lie lied lied ），
一塌糊涂地躺着（lie lay lain）。
7. yet adv. 尚， 还，仍然
【使用方法提示】 在目前完成时态的句子中，yet用在__________和__________, already / just用于__________中。
e.g. I have just been to Garden City Zoo.
I’ ve already been there.
Have you been there yet?
No, I haven’t been there yet.
8. pollute v. 污染 ； 玷污，败坏
The sea is polluted by the oil.
【常识链接】pollution n. The water pollution__________ our health.
[容易见到词组] air pollution 大方污染 land pollution 土地污染
water pollution 水污染 ground water pollution 地下水污染
ocean pollution 海洋污染 noise pollution 噪音污染
9. keep v. 维持 keeper n. 看守者，经营者
I am sorry to keep you waiting.
【容易见到词组】
1）keep away from sb./ sth. 不接近某人、某物
Keep away from the river, please.
2) keep on doing sth. 不停做某事
We have kept on driving all night.
keep up with sb./ sth. 跟上...,赶上....
Keep off 离得远远的
Keep sth adj.
10. pick up 捡起，拾起；接某人
Mary, pick up the rubbish.
I’ll pick you up at 7 o’clock.
【语法小知识】 若是捡起具体的物品可以说：pick sth up 或 pick up sth; 但假如前面的描述中已经了解所指物品，在此时用it或them 指代时，大家只能说 pick it /them up.
E g. Mary, pick up the book. = Mary, pick the book up .
Mary, pick it up.
11. rubbish n.垃圾 rubbish bin
【同义词】 litter n. 乱扔的垃圾（尤指在公共场合乱扔的）垃圾 leave litter
garbage n.垃圾，废物（尤指家庭的）垃圾
12. leave v.
1)留下 Someone left this note for you.
2)离开 It's time for us to leave.
3)未拿走或未带某物 I've left my gloves on the bus.
promise v.承诺，保证
promise to do sth. 承诺（不）做某事
He promised to help me.
【提示】
promise n. 诺言，承诺
make a promise 答应；许诺
keep one's promise 遵守诺言
break one's promise 违背诺言
discuss v.讨论 n. discussion 讨论
make a discussion 做讨论
discuss with 与..商讨
reuse v. 再借助
“re-” 表示再一次
Eg: repeat,remind, return
训练：
1. I promise __________ to the teacher carefully in class.
listen B. listening C. listens D. to listen
2. – Thank you for your kindness. We got the news finally.
-- ____________________
Right B. All right C. That’s right D. That’s all right
3. How about__________this weekend? I have two tickets here.
go swimming B. going swim C. going swimming D. go to swimming
4. –Are you__________free tomorrow? --No, I__________free the day after tomorrow.
going to; will B. going to be; will
C. going to; will be D. going to be; will be
5. What is Kate doing? She__________the newspaper.
is looking at B. looks at C. is reading D. read
6. I have got a lot of birthday cards ______________________________ my family and relatives.
at B. for C. in D. From
7. I always __________with my father after dinner.
A. play the badminton B. playing badminton
C. to play badminton D. play badminton
8. Mum,__________ my new classmate, Jane.
that is B. this is C. he is D. it is
9. We often__________some questions in the class.
discuss B. talk C. speak D. tell
10. There are many people to the park now. Some are playing football,__________are having a picnic.
other B. others C. the others D. the other
必会词组
1.talk to her: 和她谈话
2. not…at all：一点也不，根本不
3. go out at night：晚上出去
4. like to be together：喜欢在一块
5. walk to school：步行上学
6. help each other：互相帮助
7. help other people：帮助其他人
8. work hard：学习努力
9. get angry：生气
10. share her food with me：和我推荐她的食物
11. tell lies：说谎
12. live in the USA：住在美国
13. for the first time：首次
14. on Saturday：在周六
15. Friends of the Earth：地球之友
16. look after the environment：保护环境
17. pollute the environment：污染环境
18. help keep the environment clean：帮助维持环境整洁
19. pick up rubbish：捡起垃圾
20. put rubbish into rubbish bins：把垃圾扔到垃圾箱里
21. tell people not to leave rubbish:告诉大家不要丢垃圾
训练：
用括号里所给词的正确形式填空。
1. The traffic _____ very heavy and the streets are ________.
2. I can’t _______ to get back home and see all my _______.
3. This is not _____ shirt. It’s ______.
4. I _______ __________ in the part yesterday.
5. The shop _______ many things.
3、必会要点
1.Winnie is __________ Garden City __________.
visit sb = go to see sb.
We are going to visit Li this Sunday. =
__________t a trip to Ocean Park?
What about…？口语中用于提出建议，表示“……如何？”
What about +doing / n.
What about____________ TV now?
用于表示建议的
how about + doing Shall we + do let's + do why not + do why don't you + do
3. But she doesn't talk at all.
at all 一点也（不）/ 完全（不）
比较：A: Thank you very much. 很感谢。
B: Not at all. 不需要谢。
4. She __________ watches TV.
【语法小知识】
sometimes 有时 ，等于 from time to time
some times 几次或几倍 I met him some times in the street last month.
sometime 某个不确定的时间，常常与以后时态连用。
e.g I will visit you sometime next week
some time 一段时间，常与介词 for 连用
助记小知识：
分开一段时间 （some time ), 相聚某个时候 （sometime）
S连住是有时（sometimes）， 分开几次几倍行（some times）
用这几个词组填空：
___________he comes by bike and sometimes by bus.
You can hand in your homework_________ before Friday.
I'll be away for_________.
I have been to the Great Wall __________.
5 .They always __________together.
walk to school = go to school on foot 步行上学
He often goes to school on foot.
He often ____ ______ to school.
6.look after = take care of 照顾； 照看
Friends of the Earth __________ the environment.
My aunt looks after her daughter every day.
My aunt _____ _____ ____ her daughter every day.
7. They __________ rubbish __________ rubbish bins and __________ people__________ leave rubbish.
put ...into...把…放入…中
翻译：请把垃圾放到垃圾箱里。
8. I promise to keep our school clean.
promise（not）to do sth. 承诺/保证做某事
我承诺不污染环境。（promise not to do）
类似的： tell sb not to do ask sb not to do
训练：
II. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms. :
1. Look, the old man __________ the flowers in the garden.
2. The sign __________ “Do not touch”.
3. Liu Tao likes __________ football very much.
4. These __________ are from his parents.
5. This is not __________ bag.
6. Helen dances __________ .
7. Jane always goes _______ with her parents in the Lotus Supermarket.
8. What do you ______ say to your parents when you have supper?
9. He is my good friend. He is always _______ to me.
10. Alice is taller now. Look, this is a photo of _____.
4、必会语法
1.频度副词使用方法：
always ，usually ，often ，sometimes ,seldom和 never 在一般目前时中的使用方法 ：放在 be 动词、助动词后面，放在行为动词前面。
★always
always 意为“一直”，与进行时态连用时，可以表示赞扬，也可以表示讨厌等感情色彩。e.g.
（1）I shall always remember my first day at school. 我将永远记住我上学的第一天。
（2）He is always smoking. 他一直吸烟。
★usually
usually可以指一般的动作，但侧重已经形成的习惯，它是从已经形成的角度来讲明动作。e.g.
（1）I usually do some shopping with my parents on Sundays. 我常常在星期天和我的爸爸妈妈一块去购物。
（2）He usually goes to school by bike. 他一般骑自行车上学。
★often
often是指常常性的动作，意思为“常常, 常常”。e.g.
（1）Children don't often do homework. 孩子们常常不写作业。
（2）He is often late for school. 他常常上学迟到。
★sometimes
sometimes意思为“有时，不时”，表示次数较少（低于often所表达的次数），常常与一般目前时或一般过去时连用。e.g.
（1）Sometimes he goes to work by bike, and sometimes he goes by bus.
有时他骑自行车上班，有时他乘公共汽车上班。
（2）Sometimes I helped my parents in the house. 有时我帮助爸爸妈妈做家务。
★hardly
hardly意思为“难得, 几乎从来不”，它所表示的次数很少。e.g.
（1）He hardly drinks. 他几乎不喝酒。
（2）She hardly plays cards. 她几乎不打麻将。
★never
never意思为“决不, 从未”，表示一次也没。e.g.
（1）He never lives there. 他一直都没在那儿住过。
（2）She never has anything to do. 她一向什么事都不干。
2.模糊频率副词
以下些词都是表示事情发生频率的副词，也是不准确地说某事在一段时间内发生的次数。
always 一直 | usually 一般 | often 常常 |
sometimes 有时 | hardly ever=seldom 几乎 | never 从来不 |
比如：
On weekends I always surf the Internet.
I usually watch TV.
I often sleep late.
I sometimes listen to music.
I hardly ever play computer games.
I never play soccer.
大家根据频率发生的高低，可以将这几个词排列为
always > usually > often > sometimes > hardly ever=seldom > never。
请看下面的图形解析：
always | usually | often | sometimes | never |
|
|
|
|
|
100% 70—80% 60-70% 30-40% 0
3.精准的频率副词
以下这类频率副词可以准确地表达事情发生的频率。
一次 once | 两次 twice | 三次 three times |
四次 four times | 五次 five times | 六次 six times |
注意：在记忆时，大家只须记住once（一次）和twice（二次）就能了。其他发生次数只须用“数字＋times”来表达就能了。
比如：
I drink milk and eat vegetables every day.
我天天喝牛奶，吃疏菜。
I exercise once a week.
我每周训练一次。
I eat McDonald’s twice a month.
我一个月吃两次麦当劳。
I visit my grandmother four times a year.
我一年去看奶奶四次。
其他的表达法：
every day 天天 | once a week 一周一次 | twice a month 一 个月两次 |
four times a year 一年四次 | once two weeks 两周一次 | twice three months 三个月两次 |
4.对频率副词提问：How often/How many times?
1. I drink milk and eat vegetables __________.
How often do you drink milk and eat vegetables?
2. She __________go to the supermarket
How often does he go to the supermarket?
He visits his grandpa __________ a week.
How many times a week does he visit his grandpa?
训练：
选择正确答案
Lisa loves reading. She __________ in her free time.
always sleeps often reads novels
sometimes sleeps seldom reads novels
Linda: __________ does John go shopping?
Judy: He seldom goes shopping. Maybe once or twice a year.
How How much How often How many
Mary does not always go to school early. She's __________ late for school.
always usually sometimes never
I usually say __________ to my classmates when I meet them in the morning.
good morning good evening good night good bye
She __________ in her bed, but it is not good to her eyes.
always sleeps never studies often studies seldom sleeps
He __________ hungry after school, so he eats a snack before he goes home.
is never always is never is is always
I never sleep in class, but my brother _____.
does sometimes sometimes does never does does never
A: What do you usually do on weekends?
B: ______________________________.
I usually visit my grandmother. I never watch TV on weekends.
I seldom visit my grandfather. I usually don’t go to the zoo.
A: Do you often go to Mary’s home?
B: Yes.
A: What do you usually do there?
B: ___________________________
We don’t go swimming. We study together.
I am sorry you can’t come. I am studying at home.
Lisa: Mom, Peter always talks in class. His teacher is very angry at him.
Mom: _______________________________.
I see. He can’t play computer games tonight.
I see. He is such a good student!
Don’t talk with your brother in class.
He studies very hard every night.
引导式翻译
Mike __________ listens to __________ when he studies.（麦克常常在读书时听音乐。）
__________ __________does Jenny go swimming?（珍妮多常去游泳？）
__________ you __________ go to school __________ __________?（你是不是一直按时上学？）
I __________ study English in the __________, but my sister __________ __________.（我极少在早上念英语，但我妹妹一直在早上念英语。）
Mr. Chang __________ __________ mountain-climbing __________ __________.（张先生一般在周末时去爬山。）
KEY: BCAACDBABA
Often music 12. How often 13. Do always on time 14. seldom morning always does 15. Usually go at weekend
5.目前完成时
基本定义：
目前完成时态表示过去发生的动作对目前的影响或有无某方面的历程。
时态构成：have/has + 动词过去分词
目前完成时态是非常难学会的一种时态，由于它并非表示发生在某一时间的事情，而是既涉及过去，又联系目前的一种时态。
比较：I live in Shanghai. 我住在上海。（一般目前时）
I moved to Shanghai ten years ago. 十年前我搬到上海住了。（一般过去时）
I have lived in Shanghai for ten years. 我在上海住了十年了。（目前完成时）
使用方法解析
目前完成时的构成
目前完成时由“have / has+过去分词”构成。
其中的have / has 为助动词，构成疑问句时，可将它提前；构成否定句时，可直接在其后加not。
过去分词的构成
①通常情况→词尾+ed
动词原形 过去式和过去分词
Walk行走 walked
Work工作 worked
Help帮助 helped
②以不发音字母e结尾→词尾+d
动词原形 过去式和过去分词
Decide决定 decided
Hope期望 hoped
Like喜欢 liked
③以“辅音字母+y”结尾→变y为i，再加-ed
动词原形 过去式和过去分词
Carry搬运 carried
Hurry快 hurried
Fly飞翔 flied
④以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个
辅音字母→双写词尾+ed
动词原形 过去式和过去分词
STOP停止 sTOPped
Nod点头 nodded
Plan计划 planned
注意：上面介绍的都是过去式和过去分词的规则变化，也就是“动词原形+ed”.事实上还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词的变化是不规则的。如：
动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式都相同：
cut→cut, cut
过去式、过去分词形式都相同：
bring→brought, brought
动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式都不相同：
go→went, gone
这类规则的变化需要逐个记忆。更多不规则动词的变化，可以查询书后附录。
写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词形式。
动词原形 过去式 过去分词
do did done
drop
go
begin
cut
move
fry
give
smell
win
run
答案：
动词原形 过去式 过去分词
Drop dropped dropprd
Go went gone
Begin began begun
Cut cut cut
Move moved moved
Fry fried fried
Give gave given
Smell smelt\smelled smelt\smelled
Win won won
run ran run
目前完成时的使用方法
表影响：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对目前导致的影响和结果，可以和already, yet, just等连用。
1) I have already posted the photos. 我已经把照片寄了。（照片不在我这里了）
2) ---have you had your lunch yet? 你吃午饭了吗？
---Yes, I have just had it. 是的，我吃了，我刚刚吃过。（目前不饿了）
完成句子：
大家已经完成了工作: We __________ work.
她刚参加一个晚会回来 She __________ from an evening party.
We have just finished work.
She has just come back from an evening party.
表继续：表示过去已经开始，持续到目前，还可能继续下去的动作或状况，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到目前的一段时间的状语连用。如：this morning, these days, in the last …, since, for a long time 等。
1)They have lived here since 1989. 自从1989年以来，他们就住在这里。
2) She has been there for over two years. 她在那里两年多了。
她已当了20年的老师_________________________________
你在这里住了多长时间了?__________________________________
我认识她很久了.__________
She has been a teacher for 20 years.
How long have you lived here?
I have known her for a long time.
表经验：表示从过去到目前之间过去历程过的事情，常和never, ever, once, three times, before等连用。
1) I have never been to Egypt before. 我以前从没去过埃及。
2) He has been to Egypt three times. 他去过埃及3次了。
你当过教师吗?___________________________________
他过去从未开过车____________________________________
Have you ever been a teacher before?
He has never driven a car.
1. We ___ a new school in my hometown recently .
A. build B. have built C. built D. will build
2.----Did your brother go to America last year?
---- ________.
No, he did never go there B.No, he has never gone there
C. No, he never was there D. No, he's never been there
3 _____ the Great Wall?
A. Have you ever gone to B. Are you ever going to
C. Do you ever go to D. Have you ever been to
4.I___ the book yet.
A. haven't read B. hadn't read C. don't read D. am not reading
5 They left for Beijing last month and we ___ them ever since.
A. don't hear from B. haven't heard from C. won't hear from D. didn't hear from
6 He says he___ the book several times already this year.
A. had read B. has read C. will read D. is reading
答案. 1-6 B D D A B B
目前完成时与一般过去时有什么区别
目前完成时与一般过去时都表示过去的动作，但目前完成时强调这一动作与目前的关系，如对目前产生的影响、生成的结果等等，而一般过去时只表示在过去的时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，强调动作，前者强调影响。
1) A: Have you seen the film? 你看过这部电影吗？
B: Did you see the film? 你看过这部电影吗？
A句强调的是被问者对剧情是不是知道；B句强调的是看这部电影的动作是不是发生过，并不强调是不是了解其内容。
2)A: She has watered the flowers.她已经浇了花。（无需再浇了）
B:She watered the flowers yesterday.她昨天浇的花。
表示过去的时间状语如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等，与when为首的疑问句与一般过去时连用，而不与目前完成时连用。
1) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （错）
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. （对）
2) ---have you ever been to the great wall?
---Yes, I have.
---When did you go there?
---Last week.
用目前完成时的几个问题（尤为重要，常考）
have been to, have gone to和have been in
1) have been to 表示“过去曾去过某地”，说话时已从该地回来或去了其它地方，总之，目前已不在该地。
2) have gone to 表示“以去了某地”，说话时不在说话地址或在去该地的途中，或已到了该地。总之，目前还未回来。
3) have been in 表示“已在该地（待了多长时间）”。表示“已在小地方多长时间”，需用at, 而后面跟副词时只用have been，不需要任何介词。
Xiao Li have been to Beijing. 小李去过北京。
Xiao Li have gone to Beijing. 小李去了北京。
Xiao Li have been in Beijing for three years. 小李在北京待了三年了。
1 My father isn't here now. He ___Shanghai. He ___ there twice.
A. has gone; has been B. has gone to; has been to
C. has been to; has gone D. has gone to; has been
2 -Hi! Bruce. I haven’t seen you for three weeks.
-Hi! George. I___ America.
A. have gone to B. went to C. have been to D. have been in
3 My uncle___ London for five years. But he will be back next year.
A. went B. has been in C. has gone D. has gone to
4 -Could I speak to Mrs. Black, please?
-Sorry, she ___ to the library.
A. is going B. has gone C. has been D. will to
5 Peter is young, but he___ many foreign countries.
A. has been in B. has gone to C went to D. has been to
答案： 1-5 D C D B D
since的使用方法
1) since +过去一个时间点。
I have been here since 1989.
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
比较since和for
Since 用来讲明动作起始时间，for用来讲明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here since I was born.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
I have worked here for many years.
He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.
把括号中错误或不适合的答案划掉。
例：（Have, Did）you the flowers yet? 你浇花了吗？
The Browns in Beijing since 1997.
you Julia recently?
---Would you like some more soup?
---No, thanks. I enough.
Wait a minute. They yet.
Is this the first time you spaghetti?
答案：
lived（布朗一家自从1997年就住在北京。）
Do; see（你近期看到茱莉亚了吗？）
had（你想再要素汤吗？不，谢谢，我已经够了。）
don’t arrive（等一会，他们还没有到。）
cook（这是你首次做意大利面吗？）
目前完成时态中，当句中含有一段时间状语时，谓语动词短暂变延续！
1. 目前完成时中有瞬间动词和延续性动词的区别：
[说明] “终止”、“延续”要转换：英语中的动词从词义上可以分为延续性和非延续性（瞬间动词）两种，__________。
瞬间动词：come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, die等。
延续性动词：live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
比如： The film has begun. → The film__________ __________.
He has gone . → He__________ __________.
2、初中阶段容易见到的瞬间动词对应的延续性动词总结：
leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have,
begin/start --- be on, die --- be dead, finish --- be over,
fall ill --- be ill, get up---be up, become --- be,
catch a cold --- have a cold, go there --- be there,
come back --- be back, put on→ wear； go out ---be out，
get to/ arrive/reach --- be open---be open,
join --- be in+组织机构/ be a member of+组织机构
